Construction brick, as we know it today, began to form in the XVII in., And in Rus’ – from 1470 g., When the Moscow Grand Duke Ivan III proceeded to the complete restructuring of the Moscow Kremlin: cathedrals, brick walls and towers. In 1480., Exactly 100 years after the Battle of Kulikovo, the army of Ivan III defeated the Tatar hordes of Akhmat on the Ugra. When it was irrevocably and finally ended with the Tatar yoke, it was possible and necessary to engage in decorating the capital – from now on the independent Russian power.
The prince – the winner prepared the building materials so much that they were enough for almost 45 years of continuous construction, up to 1515. In 1516. son of Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow from 1505 to 1533. Vasily III, who joined his possessions to the Ryazan Principality and Pskov, ordered to arrange several ponds on the Neglinnaya River, near the renewed walls of the Kremlin. And on them – mills to grind the brick (!). There were so many bricks that it could be used as raw materials. Mixing thinly ground brick with burned lime in the form of a fur or dough, they received a lime – cement waterproof knitting.
In 1533. Grand Duke of All Rus’, and from 1547. The first Russian king was Ivan IV Rurikovich, nicknamed the formidable. Among the great victories of the Russian people are the conquest of the Kazan Khanate, the capture of Astrakhan, the conquest of Siberia in the campaigns of Yermak. We note and little, it seemed, a noticeable event of the institution in 1584. Order of stone affairs, followed by great construction affairs, including from bricks.
In 1532. Built by people wonderful by beauty, height and lordship ”the Ascension Church in the village of Kolomensky. Building from bricks nine sizes. These walls.
In 1555 – 1561. 18 types of bricks were built of a brick masterpiece of national Russian architecture Pokrovsky Cathedral (Church of Basil Blessed) on Red Square.
These two masterpieces represent national construction art as bright as the first satellite of the Earth – Soviet science and technology. So, the diamond collects and enhances the brilliance of the sun, a drop of dew reflects the world.
In 1703. Peter I laid at the mouth of the Neva a new capital of the Russian state. Six years later, he transforms the order of stone affairs into the office of buildings, in which he opens a school for teaching the beginning of architecture; orders Petersburg to build according to exemplary (typical) projects, different for “vile”, “wealthy” and “eminent”; Stone construction by decree of 1714. It prohibits everywhere, while “pleasure in the structure in St. Petersburg”. In stone and brick, they are built in 1727. The Admiralty, which was first laid down by wooden; in 1712 – 1733 – Peter and Paul Cathedral; The building of the twelve colleges in 1722 – 1733., Summer palace; Palace of Menshikov and others. About 15 million. pieces of brick per year produced then brick sheds on the Neva, Tosnu and Black, on Ladog and in Novgorod.
In 1775. By decree of Catherine II, a stone order was again created “To the decoration of our first city city of Moscow”. The official Petrovsky factories made a brick size 280x140x70 mm. Moscow factories produced it with size 240x120x55; 255x120x x66 and 255x120x55 mm.
In the first half of the XIX in. The dimensions of the brick were mainly stabilized: 53/4x23AXLV2 Vershkov or 255x121x66 mm. These dimensions with rounding have survived to the present day: 250x120x65 mm as best responding to the condition of the dressing of bricks in masonry, taking into account the thickness of the seams. These sizes do not fit, however, in the module 100, but what to do. But these dimensions are most convenient for the hands of the mason. In appearance and strength, bricks were made red (5 MPa), red (8 MPa), semi -fire (20 MPa) and Zheleznyak (up to 55 MPa). The first was used for laying furnaces, the second – walls, the third – cladding, the fourth – for the walls of basements and basements. Lightened brick was made for laying the arches, with organic additives to clay, which burned out when firing. This brick was thinner (55 mm).
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